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I. B. Singh ¹, U. K. Shukla ², P. Srivastava ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Geology, Lucknow University, Lucknow - 226007, IN
2 Department of Geology, Kumaun University, Nainital - 263 002, IN

Abstract

Facies architecture and evolutionary history of a point bar complex of exhumed channel on the upland interfluve surface of the Ganga Plain is presented. The point bar complex is made up of four distinctive sequences, each characterized by a specific lithofacies association and grain size, where successive sequence shows decrease in grain size and reduced channel width denoting reduction in the discharge of the channel. The top of each sequence represents a hiatus surface marked by dense bioturbation. The flow in the exhumed channel was towards south and southwest. At the end of the deposition of third sequence neotectonic activity caused uplift, tilting of the surface and disruption of the river channel. A facies model of such deposits is proposed.

Keywords

Point Bar Complex, Fluvial, Ganga Plain, Palaeocurrent, Indo-Gangetic Alluvium.

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I. B. Singh ¹, S. Kumar ¹

Affiliations
1 Geology Departrnent, Lucknow University, Lucknow-226007, IN

Abstract

The lower Vindhyan sediments of Chitrakut area (Chitrakut Formation-Semri Group of Son Valley) are deposits of a tidal swept shallow sea, mainly in tidal flats under extremely stable conditions. They represent a special case of condensation horizons (condensed deposit) under conditions of exceptionally low rates of deposition and negligible sinking of the basin. The stromatolite assemblage suggests lower Riphean age and can be correlated to the Kajrahat limestone of Son Valley area. A marked depositional hiatus is established at the base of Kaimur at Sangrampur hill. Variation in the facies and absence of time plane index-horizons makes the correlation in the Chitrakut area very difficult. It is too early to suggest a generalized lithostratigraphy for the Chitrakut Formation.

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Suyash Kumar ¹, I. B. Singh ¹, M. Singh ¹, D. S. Singh ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Geology, Lucknow University, Lucknow - 226007, IN

Abstract

Several meter thick muddy sequences make up the topmost part of upland surfaces in Central Gangetic Plain. Excavations in the river-valley terrace (T₁-surface) of Gomti River show about 4 m thick fine-grained deposits, which are underlain by a meter thick sand body: The sand of such sand bodies is coarser-grained than the present-day Gomti River sand. The sequence is essentially a silty very fine sand, highly mottled due to extensive bioturbation. These muddy successions are deposited by sheet floods of monsoon rains and not linked to flood plain of present-day active river. The high plateau surface (T₂-surface) shows locally a few meter thick channel fill sequences, produced by small channels which have been abandoned. The muddy sediments of upland surfaces show high degree of variability.

Keywords

Fluvial Morphology, Sedimentology, Gomti Alluvial Valley, Quaternary Deposits, Gangetic Plain, Uttar Pradesh.

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I. B. Singh ¹, A. A. Ansari ¹, R. S. Chandel ¹, A. Misra ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Geology, Lucknow University, Lucknow-226 007, IN

Abstract

Study of remotely sensed data and SOl topographical maps with some field observations has helped in the identification of lineaments controlling the drainages, using various indications like displacement of Siwalik hills, skewness of fan surfaces, preferential alignment of river channel, knick points, distorted meanders, abrupt change in river courses, escarpments and asymmetrical terraces. The northern part of the Gangetic plain, the Piedmont zone shows two major lineaments, i.e. NNE-SSW and NW-SE, developed as conjugate strike slip features, with some evidences of gravity component. The NW-SE direction of the conjugate system is very prominent in Central Alluvial Plain and has controlled the major drainages. These lineaments have caused abrupt change in flow directions of many streams; and in parts, have behaved as gravity fault with NE blocks as downthrown side. The drainage in the Marginal Alluvial Plain (southern part) is essentially controlled by the reactivated basement lineaments of predominantly SW-NE direction. The drainage of northern and central part of Gangetic plain is controlled by newly developed lineaments formed due to compressional stresses of the Himalaya while drainage in southern part is controlled by reactivated basement lineaments.

Keywords

Neotectonics, Drainage, Lineaments, Gangetic Plain, Uttar Pradesh.

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U. K. Shukla ¹, Z. A. Khan ², I. B. Singh ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Geology, Lucknow University, Lucknow - 226 007, IN
2 Uttar Pradesh, Khanij Bhawan, 2 Way Road, Lucknow - 226001, IN

Abstract

Cyclic characteristics of lithofacies of the shallow marine Bhuj Sandstone were studied statistically, using embedded Markov chain analysis and the concept of entropy. Data came from thirteen measured sections. The upward transmissions from one sedimentary lithofacies to another are plotted on a 5×5 matrix and a transition tree is constructed. Results strongly suggest that the Bhuj Sandstone was influenced by a Markovian mechanism and accumulating in well-defined depositional environments; the vertical distribution of lithofacies was controlled by a number of natural processes. The preferential upward transition path of lithologic and depositional envitonment changes are as follows: Carbonaceous siltstone/shale (A) (Coastallagoon) → Coarse-grained cross bedded Sandstone (8) (Estuarine channel) → interbedded sandstone siltstone (C) (Tidal flat-tidal channel) → silty sandstone (D) (Sandflat - shoal) → Bioturbated sandstone (E) (Shelf Sheet sand) → Carbonaceous siltstone/shale (A) (Coastal lagoon).

This sequence is an asymmetrical cycle. It can be identified into a progradational event (lithofacies A-D) and a transgressive event (lithofacies E). The statistical results concur with the sedimentological evidence for depositional environments.

Entropy plots of the E^(pre) and E^(post) values of each lithological state correspond to the type A-4 category (Hattori, 1976), signifying lower and upper truncated asymmetrical cycles. The values of E (system) fall just on the boundary of the area allocated for the neritic environment. The area occupied by the Bhuj Sandstone evidently represents the domain of deposits of a coastal complex of estuary, lagoon and tidal flat environments, deposits for which Hattori had no data base.

Keywords

Sedimentology, Bhuj Sandstone, Markov Analysis, Kachchh Basin, Gujarat.

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U. K. Shukla ¹, I. B. Singh ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Geology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi - 221 005, IN
2 Department of Geology, Lucknow University, Lucknow - 226007, IN

Abstract

Based on architectural element analysis of Sandbar-Levee deposits an attempt has been made to identify recurring floods in the alluvial rivers. Point bar deposits characterized by Low-Angled lateral accretion( LA) elements exhibit some Channel-Ward steeply dipping (18-20°)discordant surfaces. These High-Angled surfaces are erosional and show change of facies across them. Such discordant planes present within the point bar deposits most probably indicate phases of exceptional floods, when the bar was mostly eroded and remodelled under High-Energy conditions. Similarly, in the braid bar deposits superimposed Bar-Building events separated either by mud drapes or marked erosional contacts are restimony to High-Energy floods. At flood times, a new bar may form and can migrate over Pre-Existing sand bar, forming huge sandflat. Alternatively, a new channel may develop cutting across the existing bar complex producing a channel bar having a different orientation Multi-Stoned levee deposits developed at the bank of the channels, and characterized by decimeter to meter scale Fining-Up sequences, are the best indicators of exceptionally large floods overtopping the channels. The flood events are commonly separated by erosional contacts and mottled horizons containing organic matter, ischolar_main burrows and Faecal-Pellet filled earthworm burrow network.

Keywords

Alluvial Rivers, Palaeofloods, Architectural Elements, Point Bar, Braid Bar, Natural Levee.

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Samarth Singh ¹, I. B. Singh ²

Affiliations
1 NIU, IN
2 Jaipuria Institute of Management, IN

Abstract

Organised Retailers across the world are facing tough competition among themselves and from online retailers .They are witnessing customers movement from one retail format to other and thus finding it hard to sustain . They want to have a better connect and be the preferred destination which requires at the beginning to understand which is shoppers favourite destination so that strategies could be developed accordingly. This paper is an empirical research on five hundred Shoppers to study their preferences of organized retail formats in Delhi. Results show that speciality stores along with hypermarkets are the favourite retail formats for shoppers in Delhi.

Keywords

Shopper, Retail, Retail Formats.

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Samarth Singh ¹, I. B. Singh ²

Affiliations
1 NIU, IN
2 Jaipuria Institute of Management, IN

Abstract

Retailers across the world want to be the most favoured destination for shopping. They want an emotional connect as a brand with shoppers. Developing better brand connect requires retailers to understand shoppers preferences for various product and store related attributes. This paper is an empirical research on hundred Shoppers to study their preferences for product and store related attributes for organized retail in Delhi. The study also studies the differences in the preferences among male and female shoppers in order to have better Brand connect as Retail organization.

Keywords

Shopper, Retail, Branding, Store Attributes, Product Attributes.

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B. Thakur ¹, A. Saxena ¹, I. B. Singh ²

Affiliations
1 Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, 53, University Road, Lucknow 226 007, IN
2 7-11-2C, Metrocity, Nishatganj, Lucknow 226 006, IN

Abstract

Lahuradewa lake deposits, adjacent to the Lahuradewa archaeological site were rich in diatoms, going back to about 10 kyrs. The diatoms are grouped into four categories, namely, planktic, benthic, paddy field and anthropogenic-influenced. The variation in planktic and benthic forms reflects changes in the water budget of the lake in response to the change in rainfall, viz. more planktic in humid phases and less planktic in dry phases. These changes correspond to the changes identified by other proxies, namely phytolith. Paddy field diatoms are present in good numbers since about 8 ka along with anthropogenic diatoms; their numbers increase during dry phases and decrease in humid phases. This supports the contention that humans were living in this area since early Holocene and agriculture activity started around 8 ka. Presence of paddy field diatoms in lake sediments is rather unique. It is argued that the lake margin was used for paddy cultivation. Intermittently, sediment and organic remains namely paddy field diatoms, rice phytoliths and grass microcharcoal were washed from lake margin agricultural fields into deeper parts of the lake to be preserved in lake sediments.

Keywords

Agriculture, Diatoms, Holocene, Lahuradewa Lake, Paddy Field.

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